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Federal Law No. (23) of 1991 On the Regulation of the Legal Profession

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“Empowering legal professionals to uphold justice and protect rights.”

Introduction

Federal Law No. (23) of 1991 On the Regulation of the Legal Profession is a legislation in the United Arab Emirates that governs the practice of law and the conduct of legal professionals in the country. This law sets out the requirements for becoming a licensed lawyer, the rules and regulations that lawyers must adhere to, and the disciplinary measures that can be taken against lawyers who violate the law. It aims to ensure the integrity and professionalism of the legal profession in the UAE.

Federal Law No. (23) of 1991 On the Regulation of the Legal Profession sets out the requirements for legal practitioners in the United Arab Emirates. This law aims to ensure that only qualified and competent individuals are allowed to practice law in the country. In order to become a legal practitioner in the UAE, one must meet certain criteria and fulfill specific requirements as outlined in the law.

One of the key requirements for legal practitioners under Federal Law No. (23) of 1991 is the possession of a law degree from a recognized university. This degree must be obtained from an accredited institution and must meet the standards set by the Ministry of Justice. Additionally, individuals seeking to practice law in the UAE must pass the bar exam, which tests their knowledge of the law and their ability to apply legal principles in practice.

In addition to obtaining a law degree and passing the bar exam, legal practitioners in the UAE must also complete a period of practical training. This training is typically done under the supervision of an experienced lawyer or law firm and is designed to provide aspiring legal practitioners with hands-on experience in the field. This practical training is essential for developing the skills and knowledge necessary to practice law effectively.

Furthermore, legal practitioners in the UAE must also meet certain ethical and professional standards as set out in Federal Law No. (23) of 1991. This includes adhering to a strict code of conduct, maintaining client confidentiality, and upholding the principles of justice and fairness in their practice. Failure to meet these standards can result in disciplinary action, including suspension or revocation of the individual’s license to practice law.

It is important for legal practitioners in the UAE to stay up-to-date with changes in the law and legal practices. This requires ongoing professional development and continuing education to ensure that legal practitioners are equipped to handle the complexities of the legal system. By staying informed and continuously improving their skills, legal practitioners can provide the best possible representation for their clients.

In conclusion, Federal Law No. (23) of 1991 sets out the requirements for legal practitioners in the UAE. These requirements include obtaining a law degree from a recognized university, passing the bar exam, completing practical training, and adhering to ethical and professional standards. By meeting these requirements and continuously improving their skills, legal practitioners can provide effective and competent legal representation for their clients.

Disciplinary Measures for Violations of Federal Law No. (23) of 1991

Federal Law No. (23) of 1991 On the Regulation of the Legal Profession is a crucial piece of legislation that governs the practice of law in the United Arab Emirates. This law sets out the rules and regulations that lawyers must adhere to in order to maintain professional standards and uphold the integrity of the legal profession. One important aspect of this law is the provision for disciplinary measures in cases where lawyers violate its provisions.

Disciplinary measures are an essential tool for ensuring that lawyers uphold the highest ethical standards and provide competent and effective legal representation to their clients. Violations of Federal Law No. (23) of 1991 can range from minor infractions, such as failing to meet deadlines or communicate effectively with clients, to more serious offenses, such as engaging in unethical behavior or committing fraud.

When a lawyer is found to have violated the provisions of Federal Law No. (23) of 1991, disciplinary measures may be imposed by the relevant authorities. These measures are designed to hold lawyers accountable for their actions and to protect the public from unscrupulous or incompetent legal practitioners.

One common disciplinary measure for violations of Federal Law No. (23) of 1991 is the imposition of fines. Fines may be levied against lawyers who have engaged in misconduct or who have failed to meet their professional obligations. The amount of the fine will depend on the severity of the violation and may be determined by a disciplinary committee or other regulatory body.

In addition to fines, lawyers who violate Federal Law No. (23) of 1991 may also face suspension or revocation of their license to practice law. Suspension is a temporary measure that prohibits a lawyer from practicing law for a specified period of time, while revocation permanently bars a lawyer from practicing law in the UAE. These measures are reserved for more serious violations of the law and are intended to protect the public from harm.

Another disciplinary measure that may be imposed for violations of Federal Law No. (23) of 1991 is the requirement to undergo additional training or education. This measure is designed to help lawyers improve their skills and knowledge in areas where they may have fallen short, such as ethics or professional responsibility. By requiring lawyers to undergo additional training, regulatory bodies can help ensure that lawyers are better equipped to serve their clients effectively and ethically.

In some cases, lawyers who violate Federal Law No. (23) of 1991 may also face criminal charges or civil lawsuits. These measures are typically reserved for the most serious violations of the law, such as fraud or embezzlement. Criminal charges may result in fines, imprisonment, or other penalties, while civil lawsuits may result in monetary damages or other remedies for the victims of the lawyer’s misconduct.

Overall, disciplinary measures for violations of Federal Law No. (23) of 1991 are an important tool for maintaining the integrity of the legal profession and protecting the public from harm. By holding lawyers accountable for their actions and imposing appropriate sanctions for misconduct, regulatory bodies can help ensure that lawyers uphold the highest ethical standards and provide competent and effective legal representation to their clients.

Federal Law No. (23) of 1991 On the Regulation of the Legal Profession plays a crucial role in ensuring that the legal profession in the United Arab Emirates operates in a fair and transparent manner. One key aspect of this law is the establishment and regulation of Bar Associations, which play a vital role in overseeing the conduct of lawyers and ensuring that they adhere to ethical standards and professional guidelines.

Bar Associations are independent bodies that are responsible for regulating the legal profession within their jurisdiction. They are tasked with upholding the integrity of the legal profession and protecting the interests of both clients and lawyers. Bar Associations play a crucial role in maintaining the high standards of professionalism and ethics that are expected of lawyers.

One of the primary functions of Bar Associations is to license and regulate lawyers practicing within their jurisdiction. This includes setting standards for admission to the legal profession, as well as establishing guidelines for continuing education and professional development. By ensuring that only qualified and competent individuals are allowed to practice law, Bar Associations help to maintain the integrity of the legal profession and protect the interests of clients.

In addition to licensing lawyers, Bar Associations also play a key role in disciplining lawyers who engage in unethical or unprofessional conduct. Bar Associations have the authority to investigate complaints against lawyers and, if necessary, impose sanctions such as fines, suspensions, or disbarment. By holding lawyers accountable for their actions, Bar Associations help to maintain public trust in the legal profession and ensure that lawyers uphold the highest standards of ethics and professionalism.

Bar Associations also provide valuable support and resources to lawyers practicing within their jurisdiction. This includes offering professional development opportunities, networking events, and access to legal research and resources. By providing these services, Bar Associations help to ensure that lawyers have the knowledge and skills necessary to provide high-quality legal services to their clients.

Furthermore, Bar Associations play a crucial role in advocating for the interests of the legal profession and promoting access to justice. Bar Associations work to influence legislation and public policy to ensure that the legal profession is able to operate effectively and serve the needs of the community. By advocating for the interests of lawyers and promoting access to justice, Bar Associations help to strengthen the legal profession and ensure that it continues to play a vital role in society.

In conclusion, Bar Associations play a vital role in regulating the legal profession and upholding the highest standards of professionalism and ethics. By licensing and disciplining lawyers, providing support and resources, and advocating for the interests of the legal profession, Bar Associations help to ensure that the legal profession operates in a fair and transparent manner. Through their efforts, Bar Associations help to maintain public trust in the legal profession and ensure that lawyers uphold the highest standards of ethics and professionalism.

Amendments to Federal Law No. (23) of 1991

Federal Law No. (23) of 1991 On the Regulation of the Legal Profession is a crucial piece of legislation that governs the practice of law in the United Arab Emirates. This law sets out the requirements for individuals to become licensed lawyers, as well as the rules and regulations that lawyers must adhere to in their practice. Over the years, there have been several amendments made to this law in order to keep up with the changing landscape of the legal profession.

One of the key amendments to Federal Law No. (23) of 1991 was made in 2008, when the UAE government introduced new regulations to enhance the transparency and accountability of lawyers. These amendments required lawyers to disclose any conflicts of interest that may arise in their practice, as well as to maintain confidentiality in their dealings with clients. By implementing these changes, the government aimed to strengthen the integrity of the legal profession and ensure that lawyers uphold the highest ethical standards.

Another significant amendment to Federal Law No. (23) of 1991 came in 2015, when the UAE government introduced new regulations to combat money laundering and terrorist financing. These amendments required lawyers to conduct due diligence on their clients and report any suspicious transactions to the relevant authorities. By imposing these obligations on lawyers, the government sought to prevent the legal profession from being used as a vehicle for illicit activities.

In 2018, further amendments were made to Federal Law No. (23) of 1991 to enhance the professional development of lawyers in the UAE. These changes required lawyers to undergo continuous education and training in order to maintain their license to practice. By mandating ongoing professional development, the government aimed to ensure that lawyers stay abreast of the latest legal developments and best practices in the field.

Most recently, in 2020, the UAE government made amendments to Federal Law No. (23) of 1991 to promote gender equality in the legal profession. These changes required law firms to provide equal opportunities for men and women in terms of recruitment, promotion, and compensation. By enacting these amendments, the government aimed to create a more inclusive and diverse legal profession that reflects the values of equality and fairness.

Overall, the amendments made to Federal Law No. (23) of 1991 have been instrumental in shaping the legal profession in the UAE. By introducing new regulations to enhance transparency, combat illicit activities, promote professional development, and ensure gender equality, the government has demonstrated its commitment to upholding the highest standards of integrity and professionalism in the legal profession. As the legal landscape continues to evolve, it is likely that further amendments will be made to Federal Law No. (23) of 1991 to address emerging challenges and opportunities in the field.

Federal Law No. (23) of 1991 On the Regulation of the Legal Profession is a crucial piece of legislation that governs the practice of law in the United Arab Emirates. This law sets out the rules and regulations that lawyers must adhere to in order to maintain ethical standards and professional conduct. In this article, we will explore the key provisions of this law and discuss the importance of legal ethics in the legal profession.

One of the fundamental principles outlined in Federal Law No. (23) of 1991 is the duty of lawyers to uphold the rule of law and promote justice. This means that lawyers must act with integrity, honesty, and fairness in all their dealings with clients, colleagues, and the court. Lawyers are expected to represent their clients zealously within the bounds of the law and to always act in the best interests of their clients.

Another important aspect of legal ethics is the duty of confidentiality. Lawyers are required to maintain the confidentiality of their clients’ information and to protect their clients’ interests at all times. This means that lawyers must not disclose any confidential information without the consent of their clients, except in limited circumstances where disclosure is required by law.

Federal Law No. (23) of 1991 also sets out guidelines for the professional conduct of lawyers in their interactions with clients, colleagues, and the court. Lawyers are expected to treat all parties with respect and courtesy, and to avoid engaging in any conduct that could undermine the administration of justice. This includes refraining from making false statements, engaging in dishonest or fraudulent behavior, or engaging in any conduct that could bring the legal profession into disrepute.

In addition to these general principles, Federal Law No. (23) of 1991 also sets out specific rules and regulations that lawyers must follow in their practice. For example, lawyers are required to maintain their professional competence by staying up-to-date on developments in the law and by continuing their legal education. Lawyers are also prohibited from engaging in any conduct that could create a conflict of interest or compromise their ability to represent their clients effectively.

Overall, the purpose of Federal Law No. (23) of 1991 is to ensure that lawyers uphold the highest standards of ethical conduct and professionalism in their practice. By adhering to these guidelines, lawyers can maintain the trust and confidence of their clients, colleagues, and the court, and contribute to the fair and efficient administration of justice.

In conclusion, legal ethics and professional conduct are essential aspects of the legal profession. Federal Law No. (23) of 1991 provides a framework for lawyers to uphold these principles and to maintain the integrity and reputation of the legal profession. By following the guidelines set out in this law, lawyers can ensure that they act with honesty, integrity, and professionalism in all their dealings, and uphold the rule of law and promote justice in society.

Federal Law No. (23) of 1991 On the Regulation of the Legal Profession is a crucial piece of legislation that governs the practice of law in the United Arab Emirates. One of the key aspects of this law is the registration process for legal practitioners, which ensures that only qualified individuals are allowed to practice law in the country.

The registration process for legal practitioners in the UAE is designed to uphold the integrity and professionalism of the legal profession. It is a rigorous process that requires individuals to meet certain criteria and undergo thorough scrutiny before they are granted the right to practice law. This process is essential to protect the interests of clients and maintain the high standards of the legal profession in the country.

To be eligible for registration as a legal practitioner in the UAE, individuals must hold a law degree from a recognized university and have completed a period of practical training. They must also pass a comprehensive examination that tests their knowledge of the law and their ability to apply it in practice. Additionally, applicants must demonstrate good character and ethical conduct, as well as proficiency in the Arabic language, which is the official language of the UAE legal system.

Once these requirements are met, individuals can apply for registration with the relevant regulatory authority, which is responsible for overseeing the legal profession in the UAE. The application process typically involves submitting a detailed application form, along with supporting documents such as academic transcripts, proof of practical training, and letters of recommendation. Applicants may also be required to undergo an interview or assessment to evaluate their suitability for registration.

After the application is submitted, it is reviewed by the regulatory authority, which assesses the applicant’s qualifications, experience, and character. If the authority is satisfied that the applicant meets all the requirements for registration, they will be granted a license to practice law in the UAE. This license is a legal document that authorizes the individual to represent clients in legal matters and provide legal advice within the jurisdiction of the UAE.

Once registered, legal practitioners in the UAE are subject to strict regulations and ethical standards that govern their conduct. They are required to adhere to the rules of professional conduct, maintain confidentiality, and act in the best interests of their clients at all times. Failure to comply with these regulations can result in disciplinary action, including suspension or revocation of the practitioner’s license.

In conclusion, the registration process for legal practitioners in the UAE is a vital component of Federal Law No. (23) of 1991 On the Regulation of the Legal Profession. It ensures that only qualified individuals are allowed to practice law in the country, thereby upholding the integrity and professionalism of the legal profession. By setting high standards for entry into the profession and enforcing strict regulations on practitioners, the UAE legal system maintains the trust and confidence of clients and upholds the rule of law in the country.

Scope of Practice for Lawyers under Federal Law No. (23) of 1991

Federal Law No. (23) of 1991 On the Regulation of the Legal Profession is a crucial piece of legislation that governs the practice of law in the United Arab Emirates. This law outlines the scope of practice for lawyers, setting forth the rules and regulations that govern their professional conduct. Understanding the scope of practice for lawyers under this law is essential for both legal practitioners and clients seeking legal services.

Under Federal Law No. (23) of 1991, lawyers are authorized to represent clients in legal proceedings before courts and other judicial bodies. This includes providing legal advice, drafting legal documents, and representing clients in negotiations and settlements. Lawyers are also permitted to act as legal consultants, providing guidance on legal matters and assisting clients in navigating the complexities of the legal system.

In addition to representing clients in court, lawyers are also authorized to provide legal services in various other areas, such as arbitration, mediation, and alternative dispute resolution. This allows lawyers to assist clients in resolving legal disputes outside of the traditional court system, providing a more efficient and cost-effective means of resolving conflicts.

Furthermore, lawyers are permitted to engage in legal research and analysis, helping clients understand the legal implications of their actions and providing guidance on how to comply with the law. This includes interpreting statutes, regulations, and case law, as well as advising clients on the potential legal consequences of their actions.

It is important to note that lawyers are bound by strict ethical rules and professional standards under Federal Law No. (23) of 1991. Lawyers are required to uphold the principles of integrity, honesty, and confidentiality in their dealings with clients, colleagues, and the court. They are also required to maintain the confidentiality of client information and to avoid conflicts of interest that may compromise their ability to represent clients effectively.

Lawyers are also prohibited from engaging in activities that may undermine the administration of justice or bring the legal profession into disrepute. This includes engaging in fraudulent or dishonest conduct, misrepresenting facts to the court, or engaging in unethical practices that may harm clients or the legal system.

In conclusion, Federal Law No. (23) of 1991 On the Regulation of the Legal Profession sets forth the scope of practice for lawyers in the United Arab Emirates. This law outlines the rights and responsibilities of lawyers, allowing them to represent clients in legal proceedings, provide legal advice, and engage in various other legal activities. By understanding the scope of practice for lawyers under this law, both legal practitioners and clients can ensure that they are operating within the bounds of the law and upholding the highest standards of professionalism and ethical conduct.

Federal Law No. (23) of 1991 On the Regulation of the Legal Profession is a crucial piece of legislation that governs the rights and responsibilities of legal practitioners in the United Arab Emirates. This law outlines the standards and regulations that lawyers must adhere to in order to practice law in the country. It is essential for legal practitioners to understand their rights and responsibilities under this law to ensure that they are operating within the bounds of the legal system.

One of the key rights of legal practitioners under Federal Law No. (23) of 1991 is the right to represent clients in legal proceedings. This includes the right to provide legal advice, draft legal documents, and represent clients in court. Legal practitioners have a duty to provide competent and diligent representation to their clients, ensuring that their rights are protected and their interests are advocated for.

In addition to the right to represent clients, legal practitioners also have the right to confidentiality. This means that lawyers are obligated to keep all information provided by their clients confidential, unless authorized by the client to disclose it. This confidentiality is essential to maintaining the trust and confidence of clients, and is a fundamental aspect of the attorney-client relationship.

Legal practitioners also have the right to fair compensation for their services. This includes the right to negotiate fees with clients, and to be paid for their services in a timely manner. It is important for legal practitioners to be transparent about their fees and billing practices, and to ensure that clients are aware of the costs associated with their legal representation.

Alongside these rights, legal practitioners also have a number of responsibilities under Federal Law No. (23) of 1991. One of the primary responsibilities of legal practitioners is to uphold the rule of law and promote justice. This includes acting with integrity and honesty in all legal matters, and upholding the ethical standards of the legal profession.

Legal practitioners also have a responsibility to maintain their professional competence and knowledge of the law. This includes staying up-to-date on changes in legislation and legal precedent, and continuously improving their skills and expertise. By staying informed and knowledgeable, legal practitioners can provide the best possible representation to their clients.

Another key responsibility of legal practitioners is to act in the best interests of their clients. This means putting the needs and interests of clients above their own, and advocating for their clients to the best of their abilities. Legal practitioners have a duty to provide competent and diligent representation, and to ensure that their clients receive fair and just outcomes in legal proceedings.

In conclusion, Federal Law No. (23) of 1991 On the Regulation of the Legal Profession outlines the rights and responsibilities of legal practitioners in the United Arab Emirates. Legal practitioners have the right to represent clients, maintain confidentiality, and receive fair compensation for their services. They also have a number of responsibilities, including upholding the rule of law, maintaining professional competence, and acting in the best interests of their clients. By understanding and adhering to these rights and responsibilities, legal practitioners can uphold the integrity and professionalism of the legal profession in the UAE.

Continuing Education Requirements for Lawyers

Federal Law No. (23) of 1991 On the Regulation of the Legal Profession is a crucial piece of legislation that governs the practice of law in the United Arab Emirates. One important aspect of this law is the requirement for lawyers to engage in continuing education to maintain their professional competence and stay abreast of developments in the legal field.

Continuing education is essential for lawyers to ensure that they are equipped with the knowledge and skills necessary to provide high-quality legal services to their clients. It allows lawyers to stay current on changes in laws, regulations, and legal practices, which are constantly evolving. By participating in continuing education programs, lawyers can enhance their expertise, improve their practice, and better serve their clients.

Under Federal Law No. (23) of 1991, lawyers in the UAE are required to complete a certain number of hours of continuing education each year to maintain their license to practice law. This requirement helps to ensure that lawyers are continuously learning and growing in their profession. By participating in continuing education activities, lawyers can expand their knowledge, develop new skills, and stay up-to-date on legal developments.

Continuing education for lawyers can take many forms, including attending seminars, workshops, conferences, and online courses. These activities cover a wide range of legal topics, including new laws and regulations, emerging legal trends, and best practices in various areas of law. By participating in continuing education programs, lawyers can deepen their understanding of the law and improve their ability to provide effective legal representation to their clients.

Continuing education requirements for lawyers also help to uphold the integrity and professionalism of the legal profession. By staying current on legal developments and best practices, lawyers can maintain high ethical standards and provide competent and effective legal services to their clients. Continuing education helps to ensure that lawyers are well-prepared to handle the complex legal issues that they may encounter in their practice.

In addition to enhancing their knowledge and skills, continuing education can also benefit lawyers in other ways. By participating in continuing education programs, lawyers can expand their professional network, build relationships with other legal professionals, and stay connected to the legal community. This can lead to new opportunities for collaboration, mentorship, and career advancement.

Overall, continuing education is a vital component of the legal profession that helps lawyers to stay current, improve their skills, and provide high-quality legal services to their clients. By participating in continuing education activities, lawyers can enhance their expertise, uphold the integrity of the legal profession, and contribute to the advancement of the legal field. Federal Law No. (23) of 1991 On the Regulation of the Legal Profession underscores the importance of continuing education for lawyers and emphasizes the need for ongoing professional development in the legal profession.

Federal Law No. (23) of 1991 On the Regulation of the Legal Profession has had a significant impact on the legal services industry in the United Arab Emirates. This law was enacted to regulate the practice of law in the country and ensure that legal services are provided by qualified professionals who adhere to ethical standards. The implications of this law on the legal services industry are far-reaching and have shaped the way legal services are delivered in the UAE.

One of the key implications of Federal Law No. (23) of 1991 is the requirement for lawyers to be licensed by the Ministry of Justice in order to practice law in the UAE. This licensing process ensures that only qualified individuals who have met the necessary educational and professional requirements are allowed to provide legal services to clients. By setting these standards, the law helps to protect the interests of clients and maintain the integrity of the legal profession.

In addition to licensing requirements, Federal Law No. (23) of 1991 also establishes rules and regulations governing the conduct of lawyers in the UAE. These rules cover a wide range of issues, including conflicts of interest, confidentiality, and professional ethics. By setting clear guidelines for how lawyers should conduct themselves, the law helps to ensure that clients receive high-quality legal services and are treated fairly and ethically.

Another important implication of Federal Law No. (23) of 1991 is the establishment of disciplinary procedures for lawyers who violate the rules and regulations set forth in the law. These procedures provide a mechanism for addressing complaints against lawyers and holding them accountable for any misconduct. By enforcing these disciplinary measures, the law helps to maintain the reputation of the legal profession and protect the interests of clients.

Furthermore, Federal Law No. (23) of 1991 has had a significant impact on the structure of law firms in the UAE. The law prohibits lawyers from practicing law in partnership with individuals who are not licensed to practice law in the country. This requirement ensures that law firms are composed of qualified professionals who are able to provide clients with the highest level of legal expertise. Additionally, the law sets forth rules governing the establishment and operation of law firms, including requirements for registration and compliance with professional standards.

Overall, Federal Law No. (23) of 1991 has had a positive impact on the legal services industry in the UAE. By setting clear standards for the practice of law, the law helps to ensure that clients receive high-quality legal services from qualified professionals who adhere to ethical standards. The law also helps to maintain the integrity of the legal profession and protect the interests of clients. Through its licensing requirements, rules and regulations, disciplinary procedures, and guidelines for law firm structure, Federal Law No. (23) of 1991 has helped to shape the legal services industry in the UAE and ensure that it operates in a fair and transparent manner.

Q&A

1. What is Federal Law No. (23) of 1991?
– It is a law on the regulation of the legal profession in the UAE.

2. When was Federal Law No. (23) of 1991 enacted?
– It was enacted in 1991.

3. What does Federal Law No. (23) of 1991 regulate?
– It regulates the legal profession in the UAE.

4. Who does Federal Law No. (23) of 1991 apply to?
– It applies to lawyers practicing in the UAE.

5. What are the key provisions of Federal Law No. (23) of 1991?
– The law sets out the qualifications, rights, and obligations of lawyers in the UAE.

6. How does Federal Law No. (23) of 1991 impact the legal profession in the UAE?
– It helps regulate and standardize the legal profession in the country.

7. What are the penalties for violating Federal Law No. (23) of 1991?
– Penalties may include fines, suspension, or disbarment.

8. How does Federal Law No. (23) of 1991 protect clients?
– It ensures that lawyers meet certain qualifications and adhere to ethical standards.

9. Can foreign lawyers practice in the UAE under Federal Law No. (23) of 1991?
– Yes, foreign lawyers can practice in the UAE under certain conditions.

10. How has Federal Law No. (23) of 1991 impacted the legal system in the UAE?
– It has helped professionalize and regulate the legal profession, leading to a more transparent and efficient legal system.

Conclusion

Federal Law No. (23) of 1991 On the Regulation of the Legal Profession aims to regulate the legal profession in the UAE, ensuring that lawyers adhere to ethical standards and provide quality legal services to clients. The law sets out requirements for practicing law in the country, including licensing and disciplinary procedures for lawyers. Overall, the law plays a crucial role in upholding the integrity and professionalism of the legal profession in the UAE.

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